What is a gymnastic goat in gymnastics? All about gymnastic goats.

May 7, 2021

Gymnastics is one of the most popular sports disciplines, divided into several types:

sports;
acrobatic;
aesthetic;
team;
aerobic.

In addition, gymnastics is the basis of many other sports: gymnastic exercises are included in the program for preparing athletes for competitions in various disciplines. This sport allows you to develop technical skills, develop endurance, improve strength, flexibility, coordination and balance.

Equipment for artistic gymnastics

The apparatus used in artistic gymnastics are divided into male and female. Floor exercises are performed by athletes on a platform measuring 1414 meters with a designated working area of 1212 meters.

Men's equipment includes:

flyhorse;
vault apparatus;
rings;
parallel bars;
crossbar.

Women's equipment are:

vault horse;
bars of different heights;
log.

The history of the gymnastic goat

It is generally accepted that the first gymnastic goat appeared in the 315th century BC under Alexander the Great, who was famous for his riding skills and was able to create his own state thanks to the strongest cavalry army.

The riders of A. Macedonsky did not use stirrups and saddles while riding horses, but were trained using wooden structures made in the shape of a horse. This design is considered the first prototype of a modern gymnastic apparatus. The goat, made of wood, was used to train riders to get on and off it in the correct way. The swings used in modern gymnastics have not been worked out.

Similar designs were common in the Roman Empire for training troops. European knights in the 17th–18th centuries and students in fencing schools also trained with the help of these simulators.

Modern gymnastic pommel horse

The founder of modern artistic gymnastics is considered to be an officer of German origin, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. After the loss of the Prussian army to Napoleon's troops, Frederick considered it necessary to raise the country's morale by developing physical indicators. For this purpose, societies were organized to prepare the young population for the struggle for liberation. Then beams, suspensions, which became the prototype of modern rings, logs and sawhorses, began to be used.

For many decades, the equipment used for jumping and exercise was not significantly different, but was used within both disciplines.

Over time, the shape of the horse began to change: there were models that imitated the uneven back of a horse. Gradually the design became flatter, and in 1948 symmetrical projectiles became common in the United States.

Only by 1956 was the modern form of the horse finally approved and certified by the International Federation of Artistic Gymnastics.

Several decades later, in 1983, the head coach of the German Democratic Republic, Ditter Hofmann, voiced the problems that arose when using a goat: the projectile was too traumatic, which especially affected athletes with broad shoulders, since they were often unable to correctly push from the horse, which stood along.

D. Hofmann provided consultations to the company Janssen & Fritsen, which was engaged in the production of specialized equipment for gymnastics, after which the company began to design a new apparatus. The resulting product was first presented at the World Championships held in 1997. The new projectile was given a name - “table” or “tongue”.

Until 2001, the goat was used in vaulting: the projectile was installed transversely in competitions between women and lengthwise between men. Since 2001, the classic horse has been replaced by a tongue.

Types of horses for gymnastics

A gymnastic goat is a special apparatus with handles on which athletes perform a set of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands. There are several types of goats:

jumping;
flywheel, which differs from the jumping one in that it has special supports (handles), the distance between which is adjustable by 10 centimeters;
universal with removable handles.

Flyhorse

Horseback competitions are held exclusively among men and are considered a type of team and individual all-around, and are also distinguished as a separate discipline.

The structure includes:

body made of wood or plastic, with rounded edges and corners. The top of the case is covered with foam and a cover made of artificial high-strength leather. The coating is used to reduce pain in athletes.
There are four stationary legs.
Four legs (hooves) that can be extended.
Pair of symmetrically located handles.
Elements for attaching the projectile to the floor.

The International Gymnastics Federation puts forward the following requirements for a horse used in competitions, such as:

the length of the projectile is 160 centimeters;
width is 35 centimeters;
height from the floor – 115 centimeters;
handles 12 centimeters high;
the diameter of the handles is 3.4 centimeters;
handles are installed at a distance of 40-45 centimeters;
The height of the mats is 10 centimeters.

Slide captions:

TECHNIQUES OF PERFORMING EXERCISES ON GYMNASTIC EQUIPMENT “GOAT”, “HORSE” Performed by: Daria Kozhanova. Student: 9th grade.

What is a gymnastic goat? This gymnastic apparatus is designed for performing various types of jumps. Consists of: - housings with different coatings; — 4 metal supports, the height of which can be changed. Usually there are the following varieties: - small (50/32/27 cm); - large (68/36/27 cm) goat. The height of the projectile is adjustable within the range of 85-135 cm. The maximum weight with which you can work on the goat is 100 kg.

Unsupported Unsupported jumps include those in which an obstacle (in this case a goat) is overcome without relying on the projectile with your hands. In this case, a bridge can be used, but jumps can be performed without it. That is, the athlete takes a run and overcomes the obstacle without touching it with his hands.

Support In this case, the athlete jumps over the apparatus, using it as a support for his hands. But there are variants of this type of jump, when the support in front of it is not the obstacle itself, which must be overcome, but is used as a support. Phases of the vault: - take-off; — pounce on the bridge; - leg push; - flight after kicking; - push with hands; - flight after pushing with hands; - landing.

Run-up Feet shoulder-width apart, slight bend forward. Do the same movements as during normal running; Running in place, trying to touch your chest with your knee, is a good way to practice your take-off technique; Running short distances between two lines, the distance between which is 50-60 cm; Sprint 20 m, gradually increasing speed. Jump onto the bridge and take off Standing on one leg, make 3-4 long jumps, and after the last, longest jump, land on both feet. Repeat the same thing, only to land, find a hill 40-50 cm high; Starting position: support with both hands on the goat. Jump as high as possible, pushing off with both feet; It is necessary to develop the pushing leg, so you need to jump more on it; Train directly the push from the bridge after a short (3-4) run-up step; Try jumping onto the bridge from a small (25-30 cm) elevation and instantly push off with your toes (you can use a mat to land, or you can use a horse, using it as a barrier). Exercises that will help improve the performance of the element

Flight training The following exercise helps develop a correct jump: jump over the high jump bar onto several mats placed on top of each other, landing on your hands. The height of the folded mats gradually increases, and you can feel how the length changes, and therefore the duration of the flight; Jump over the horse, gradually increasing the distance between the bridge and the projectile; Lie on your stomach on a mat in front of a support that you can grab with your hands. Your arms should be at a height of 50-60 cm. Try to lift your legs with your heels up, thus arching your body. This exercise promotes proper arching of the lower back. Push-off from the projectile Take the “lying down” position. Try to push forward with your hands and jump forward. Move around the hall like this; Stand against the wall so that your outstretched arms touch it with your palms. Now bend over to the wall so that your face is now touching it. With a sharp push, return to the starting position; Move 4-5 steps away from the goat. From such a run, you need to jump onto the projectile in a “hands-on” position, and, immediately pushing off, try to land as far as possible from the projectile.

Flight after pushing off with your hands Practice only the correct deflection, choosing a comfortable height for the projectile. The main thing is the deflection; in this exercise, no other elements are important. Perform a jump, bend your lower back and back, and land on the mats; Jump from a standing position, maintaining the correct arch and spreading your legs. Landing Maintain the stance you are supposed to hold when landing for as long as possible; Repeat this exercise: make a perfect landing stance. Then you should land in it after jumping from a small elevation, gradually increasing this height. You can start with 30-40 cm.

Projectile in the school curriculum: technique of execution At school, students need to be secured - before landing, support them with one hand, placing your palm on your back or chest, depending on the position in the air, hold your wrist or forearm with the other hand, this will help avoid injuries, especially when jumping through the projectile legs apart. The vault jump in the school curriculum includes the following exercises: Jumping onto a horse or goat with emphasis on the knees and dismounting with your feet apart, the so-called “broad goat”. Jump onto a goat or horse with emphasis on the toes in a semi-squat, dismount with a deflection, the so-called “horse or goat wide”. After pushing off with the legs, rest their hands on the surface of the projectile and raise their knees, placing their feet between their hands on the goat, then, without stopping, push up with a arched back, hold your arms above your head diagonally outward, and remain like this until you land.

Jump over a goat or horse, feet wide apart. When jumping as far as possible along the apparatus, the arms form an obtuse angle with the body, so the student will push off high. With a sharp push with the hands (quick touch), the legs are spread apart to their maximum width. Then the arms rise back, aiming upward, from this movement the body extends at the hip joint and straightens. The legs in a position apart should then go in front of the body and, meeting the floor, slow down the body, maintaining the stability of the athlete; from the position apart, the legs become together at the end of the exercise. Long jump over a horse at an angle, pushing off with one leg. We push off with our left foot from the bridge, which must be placed on the side, at the near edge of the projectile, parallel to the horse or goat. We place our right hand on the horse, throw our right leg up, the left leg catches up with it, then we place our left hand next to our right hand, remove our right hand, and until we land (which we do sideways), we keep our left hand on the surface of the projectile.

Greetings to all regular and casual readers of my channel, today I continue to talk about artistic gymnastics, because many people confuse it with rhythmic gymnastics.

In artistic gymnastics there are 6 disciplines for men and 4 for women, and since gymnasts work on gymnastic apparatus, the disciplines themselves are simply called apparatus. But for the average person who is not at all familiar with artistic gymnastics, it is difficult to realize that jumping over a special table is an apparatus, and floor exercises on the mat are also an apparatus.

When I was not in the subject, I thought that a projectile was just an object. For example, a log is a projectile. Or a horse (or a goat) is, of course, also a projectile, but when you jump over it, this is a jumping competition, but in the language of artistic gymnastics, it is jumping over the horse (and now its role is played by a special jumping table) that is the projectile . In the same way, performing floor exercises is called apparatus.

Women's disciplines (apparatus) in artistic gymnastics: floor exercise, vault, beam, uneven bars.

Men's apparatus: floor exercise, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar, rings, pommel horse.

Floor exercise

Freestyle

- this is movement on a special shock-absorbing carpet of 12x12 meters - acrobatic passes along diagonals. These movements bear little resemblance to dance, although they combine choreographic elements (for women), acrobatics, and static exercises. The duration of floor exercises for men is 1 minute +/- 10 seconds, for women from 70 seconds to 1.5 minutes. Women perform to music, men perform in silence.

The direct projectile here is the carpet, which is not just soft flooring, but a special multi-layer structure with springs at the base.

Vault

Vault

are performed with a running start over a jumping table (it is also called the “tongue”, due to the rounded edge hanging down like a tongue sticking out of the mouth). The length of the runway is 25 m. Previously, this was really just a jump, but now it is a complex acrobatic apparatus - the gymnast runs up the track, pushes off from a special spring bridge, and then from the table with his hands, performing complex acrobatic elements in flight (somersaults, spins) .

Horse-mahi

Exercises on horseback -

my favorite among men, they are called “horse swings” because they are various circles (swings) performed on the hands in a continuous swing with one or two legs, moving in support across or longitudinally with the hands supporting the horse’s body or handles. The gymnast moves around and over the horse.

Rings

Ring exercises

are also performed on the hands and represent lifts, rotations, twists, performed with a swing and force, static positions - handstands, horizontal hangs and supports, crosses.

The rings are suspended from a metal support frame.

Uneven bars

Women's parallel bars

They are two poles located parallel to each other, but at different heights.

Exercises on uneven bars contain various lifts, rotations, flights, flights over the top pole and from one pole to another.

Parallel bars

Parallel bars are. as the name suggests, two poles located parallel to each other and at the same height. On the uneven bars, lifts, turns, transitions, swings, circles with one and two legs, somersaults over and under the poles, large rotations are performed, as well as, to a limited extent, static positions - handstands, horizontal stops.

Crossbar

Crossbar

- This is a single pole raised above the ground like a horizontal bar. On the crossbar, lifts, racks, revolutions, turns, swings, approaches and flights performed in a swing are performed.

Log

The log width is 10 cm, length – 5 meters, installed at a height of 125 cm from the floor.

Gymnasts on balance beam

perform various movements, jumps, turns, flips, somersaults, choreographic elements, as well as static positions and poses.

Performances on all apparatus end with a spectacular dismount, usually some kind of flip or somersault.

Artistic gymnastics cannot be confused with rhythmic gymnastics, now you know this for sure, even if you didn’t know it before.

And HERE about other differences in artistic gymnastics.

Artistic gymnastics competitions are held in the following disciplines:

team competitions;
all-around;
floor exercise;
horse;
rings;
vault;
parallel bars;
uneven bars;
log;
crossbar.

Team competitions, all-around competitions, competitions in individual types of disciplines are held - in 6 types among men (floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, crossbar) and 4 types among women (vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise) .

Types of gymnastic equipment
Sports equipment "horse"
Sports equipment "rings"
Sports apparatus "uneven bars"
Sports apparatus "crossbar"
Sports equipment "log"
Floor exercise area

Jumping horse

During competitions held under the auspices of the International Gymnastics Federation, a “tongue” or “vault table” is used as a vault apparatus.

The following dimensions of jumping gymnastic goats have been recorded:

the width of the table for repulsion is 90 centimeters with a permissible error of 5 cm;
table length is 120 cm with a permissible error of 5 cm;
table height from 105 to 135 cm.

Preparatory shells

To hone and develop the required skills, in addition to the horse, the following structures are used:

board with handles. Used when teaching athletes double leg movements in a circle;
gymnastic stroke. Used during training of primary basic exercises. The design consists of a special support and a body made of wood in the form of a hemisphere. The projectile is covered with polyethylene foam or artificial suede. Can be supplemented with handles. According to the rules, the fungus must be installed on the floor or on a stand with adjustable height. When fixing, the height of the location is controlled, which is 48 cm. The diameter of the stroke is 60 cm;
a horse with one or a pair of handles, used in the initial stages of training. Unlike the horse used in competitions, it has short legs, the height of which ranges from 20 to 50 cm;
a low horse, whose height reaches 65 cm, serves for a gradual transition from stroke to horse;
apparatus for training vaults at the initial stages of training;
a shortened model of a horse used to hone technique during training. The length of the body is 60-67 cm, width – up to 35 cm.

Warm-up before jumping

Jumping over a goat is best performed on a warm body, when the muscles and ligaments are prepared. Therefore, before starting a lesson, you must perform the following exercises: normal walking around the hall, then on your toes, on your heels, with rolls from heel to toe; squats, deep lunges with one leg bent at the knee forward and then to the sides.

In order to warm up the whole body, add head turns from side to side, tilts back and forth, rotation in the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints, and rotation of the pelvis.

After completing this set of exercises, you will feel greater mobility in your body, and your muscles will become more elastic.