The male skeleton weighs 13-14 kilograms, the female skeleton weighs 9-10 kilograms - these are the average human bone mass. If we convert these data into a percentage relative to the total mass of the body, they will look like this:
- The weight of a man's bones is 17-18% of his body weight;
- The weight of a woman’s bones is 16% of the total mass;
- The weight of a child's skeleton is 14% of the child's weight.
The skeleton, translated from ancient Greek as “dried”, indicates the methods of its manufacture - drying in hot sand or in the sun.
The bone basis of the human body is a unique and perfect invention of nature. The design features of the bones are such that they “know how” to withstand loads similar to a steel structure.
But, if the human skeleton were “made” of steel, then it would weigh at least 200 kg and the person simply would not be able to move. The individuality of the structure of bone tissue lies in the fact that it has a porous structure, due to which the skeletal mass is lightened several times, but the strength indicators do not change. The skeleton is the shock-absorbing basis of the human body: with increasing physical activity, the musculoskeletal system is able to stretch elastically and reduce pressure on other organs. The strength and plasticity of bones is determined by their structure:
| Name of the substance contained in bone tissue | Quantity, % | |
| 1. | Water | 50 |
| 2. | Fats | 15,75 |
| 3. | Organic matter | 12,25 |
| 4. | Inorganic substances | 22 |
The male skeleton weighs 13-14 kilograms, the female skeleton weighs 9-10 kilograms.
The organic matter of bone tissue is ossein, a protein that is a type of collagen and forms the basis of bone. The bulk of inorganic substances are calcium salts, in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals, from which the lattice structure of bone tissue is formed. The bones of an adult and a child differ in their internal contents: in children, organic substances predominate in the bone tissue, providing the skeleton with flexibility and elasticity; in an adult, the main component is mineral salts, which are responsible for strength.
Heart, blood vessels, blood
The size of a person's heart is approximately equal to the size of his fist.
The weight of an adult human heart is 220-260 g.
In an adult, the heart pumps about 10,000 liters of blood per day. During one blow, approximately 130 milliliters are thrown into the aorta. The normal heart rate at rest is 60-80 beats per minute, and in women the heart beats 6-8 beats per minute more often than in men. During heavy physical activity, the heart rate can accelerate to 200 or more beats per minute.
For comparison: the pulse rate of an elephant is 20 beats per minute, that of a bull is 25, that of a frog (a cold-blooded animal) is 30, that of a rabbit is 200, and that of a mouse is 500 beats per minute.
36,800,000 is the number of heartbeats in a person in one year.
During an average life, the heart beats 3,300,000,000 times (just think about this colossal figure!). Take care of yourself!
The total length of blood vessels in the human body is approximately one hundred thousand kilometers.
This is how blood is distributed in the body at rest: a quarter of the total volume is in the muscles, another quarter in the kidneys, 15% in the vessels of the intestinal walls, 10% in the liver, 8% in the brain, 4% in the coronary vessels of the heart , 13% - in the vessels of the lungs and other organs.
In a minute, 740-750 milliliters of blood flows through the brain.
Blood cells constantly die and are replaced by new ones. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is 90-125 days, and that of a leukocyte is from several hours to several days. Leukocytes in the human body live 2-4 days, and erythrocytes - 3-4 months.
Brain, nerves
The human brain generates more electrical impulses per day than all the world's phones combined.
The average human brain weighs 1.4 kilograms, and size in this case really doesn’t matter: Einstein’s brain weighed 0.2 kg less than normal, so if a friend’s hat is too small for you, don’t flatter yourself - it’s not a fact that you’re smarter than him .
Despite its small volume and the fact that the brain is 90% water, it consumes 25% of all the oxygen and sugar the body needs.
In the human brain, 100,000 chemical reactions occur in one second.
From the moment of birth, there are already 14 billion cells in the human brain, and this number does not increase until death. On the contrary, after 25 years it decreases by 100 thousand per day. In the minute you spend reading a page, about 70 cells die. After 40 years, brain degradation accelerates sharply, and after 50, neurons (nerve cells) dry out and brain volume decreases.
Starting from the thirtieth year of life, 30-50 thousand nerve cells die every day in a person. The main dimensions of the brain decrease. With age, the brain not only loses weight, but also changes shape—it becomes flattened. In men, brain weight is maximum at 20-29 years old, in women - at 15-19.
The mass of the human brain is 1/46 of the total body mass, the mass of the elephant's brain is only 1/560 of the body mass.
Adult bone marrow, the loose mass that fills the internal cavities of some bones, weighs on average 2.6 kg. Over 70 years of life, it produces 650 kilograms of red blood cells and a ton of white blood cells.
Nerve impulses in the human body travel at a speed of approximately 90 meters per second.
There are about 75 kilometers (!) of nerves in the adult human body.
The human nervous system contains about 10 billion neurons and about seven times more service cells - supporting and feeding cells.
Only one percent of nerve cells are engaged in “independent work” - they receive sensations from the external environment and command the muscles. Ninety-nine percent are intermediate nerve cells that serve as amplifier and transmitter stations.
The largest human nerve cells are 1000 times larger than the smallest ones. The thinnest nerve fibers are only 0.5 micrometers in diameter, the thickest are 20 micrometers.
More than half of all neurons are concentrated in the cerebral hemispheres.
In the cranial nerves, 2,600,000 nerve fibers enter the brain and 140,000 exit. About half of the exiting fibers carry orders to the muscles of the eyeball, controlling fine, rapid and complex eye movements. The remaining nerves control facial expressions, chewing, swallowing and the activity of internal organs. Of the incoming nerve fibers, two million are visual.
In a healthy, average-weight man, skeleton accounts for about 15% of his body weight, muscle about 45%, and fat about 15%. In a woman, the skeleton weighs about 12%, muscle - about 35% and fat - about 27% of body weight. The rest of the weight in both sexes consists of the mass of skin, connective tissue, tendons, blood plasma, organs, hair, glands, etc.Table 1 The ratio of skeletal mass, muscle, fat.
| Men | Women | |||||
| 25 years | 40 years | 55 years | 25 years | 40 years | 55 years | |
| skeleton | 15% | n.d.* | n.d. | 12% | n.d. | n.d. |
| muscles | 45% | n.d. | n.d. | 35% | n.d. | n.d. |
| fat | 15% | 22% | 25% | 27% | 32% | 38% |
| skin, connective tissue, tendons, blood plasma, organs, hair, glands, etc. | 25% | n.d. | n.d. | 26% | n.d. | n.d. |
* - n.d. - no data
The average person is approximately 70% water. For example, muscles contain 70% water, 20% proteins and 5% various minerals and organic substances. Even fat and bones contain up to 50% water.
The skeleton of an ordinary person is very light. A woman weighing 64 kg has bones weighing about 7.75 kg, while a man weighing 77 kg has only 11.5 kg of bones. So the usual excuse for being overweight with “big bones” is nothing more than an excuse.
What is the difference between excess weight and excess fat? How to distinguish them?
In the body of an obese person, the proportion of fat increases, while the proportions of muscles and bones change slightly. Weight gain due to bone growth is unlikely, because even a 10% increase in bone mass will lead to an increase in body weight of only 1-1.5 kg. Muscle is heavier than fat and bone, so by increasing muscle mass with exercise and good nutrition, you can achieve dramatic weight gain. Thus, an athlete with a lot of muscle mass (such as a weightlifter) will weigh much above average. According to a classification based on body mass index, he would be overweight, although he would have no more than average body fat. In this case, it is better to estimate fat content by waist circumference or measure it using hardware methods. If your fat content is low, then you don't need to lose weight. However, it is extremely unlikely that you would accidentally gain weight through muscle mass. What do you see in the mirror: tight, defined muscles or flabby muscles? Sometimes weight gain is caused by fluid retention in the body. Some conditions (such as premenstrual syndrome in women) and diseases (such as heart disease) cause more fluid to remain in the body than usual. In this case, the face, stomach, and ankles often swell. If these signs occur, be sure to consult a doctor. However, for 99% of us, excess weight means excess fat.
In addition to the relative amount of adipose tissue, an important indicator is also its distribution across different parts of the body - primarily the ratio of waist to hip volume. In women, the normal ratio of waist to hip circumference should not exceed 0.7. For men, this value should not be higher than one. The relative volume of the waist and hips characterizes a person’s body type - “pear” (female type of fat tissue distribution) and “apple” (male type). In the first case, fat is concentrated mainly in the lower abdomen and buttocks. In the second case, fat is concentrated in the upper half of the body - the stomach hangs over the belt. The “apple” type more often leads to the development of complications in the form of obesity, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes and other diseases associated with excess body weight. Therefore, the body weight of people with this type of figure should be at the lower limit of the norm, and for people with a pear-shaped type of figure it can reach the upper limit. People prone to obesity need to closely monitor their weight and waist and hip size in order to promptly change the calorie content of food, its volume and quality.
10 Second Test - Waist Circumference
Waist circumference is a reliable indicator of whether your weight poses a health risk. Measure your waist circumference without stretching or loosening the measuring tape too much. Waist circumference is measured at the narrowest part of the torso or approximately 2.5 cm above the navel. Record the measurement and evaluate using the key:
Men A waist circumference greater than 94 cm indicates some health risk. With a waist circumference greater than 102 cm, the health risk increases significantly.
Women A waist circumference greater than 80 cm indicates some health risk. With a waist circumference greater than 88 cm, the health risk increases significantly.
NOTE: Abdominal obesity can also be identified using waist/height and waist/hip ratios. However, they are more difficult to use and research shows they are no more accurate than the waist circumference test shown here.
Let's imagine two people with the same weight and height. One of them plays sports and has a large muscle mass, the other leads an inactive lifestyle and has a small muscle mass and a lot of fatty tissue. They will look different: the first one will be fit and slender, and the second one will be loose and flabby, but when calculated, their body mass index will be the same. Therefore, body mass index as an indicator of ideal weight is used only for people with average muscle and fat tissue development. It is not body weight itself that affects health, but the proportion of fat tissue in it. Its content in the body can be determined by the thickness of the skin-fat fold. It is measured using a special compass - a caliper, which compresses the tissue with a strictly defined force. Measurements are taken at four points: above the triceps brachii muscle, above the biceps brachii muscle, at the angle of the scapula and above the iliac crest (at the navel) - and the average value of the obtained values is calculated. The content of adipose tissue in the body of adults can be determined from the table. 2.
To do this, measure the folds: 1 fold above the biceps (front surface of the shoulder) 2 fold above the triceps (back surface of the shoulder) 3 fold under the lower angle of the shoulder blade (on the back) 4 fold 2-3 cm away from the navel (on the stomach)
Add up the fold size in mm. and divide by 4, you get the average thickness of the skin-fat fold.
Table 2 Determination of the proportion of adipose tissue based on the average thickness of the skin-fat fold (SFA)
| KZhS, mm | Proportion of adipose tissue, % of total body weight | |
| husband. | female | |
| 4-5 | 6 | 7 |
| 6-7 | 11 | 13 |
| 8-9 | 13 | 16 |
| 10-11 | 16 | 20 |
| 12-13 | 19 | 23 |
| 14-15 | 21 | 24 |
| 16-17 | 22 | 27 |
| 18-19 | 23 | 28 |
| 20-21 | 24 | 30 |
| 22-23 | 25 | 30 |
| 24-25 | 26 | 32 |
| 26-27 | 27 | 32 |
| 28-29 | 28 | 34 |
| 30-31 | 29 | 35 |
| 32-33 | 30 | 36 |
| 34-35 | 30 | 37 |
| 36-37 | 31 | 37 |
| 38-39 | 31 | 38 |
| 40-41 | 32 | 39 |
| 42-43 | 33 | 39 |
| 44-45 | 33 | 40 |
| 46-47 | 34 | 41 |
| 48-49 | 34 | 42 |
| 50 | 35 | 42 |
the norm is 25 years for men 15%, women 27%, the norm is 40 years for men 22%, women 32%, the norm is 55 years for men 25%, women 38%.
There are special devices that use the electrical resistance of body tissue to determine the relative fat content in it. Now you can buy household electronic floor scales, which during weighing determine the proportion of fatty tissue in the body. Also, usually a fat analyzer is built into exercise bikes and, finally, you can purchase a separate device that is designed only to determine the amount of fat. This method is very good for targeted weight loss, as it allows you to monitor the decrease in fat mass and prevent the loss of muscle tissue.
The middle skin fold method is quite accurate. You can determine the % fat using a fat analyzer on a home exercise bike and get the value ...%, then use a regular ruler to measure 4 folds (of course, measurements with a ruler are a little inaccurate) and from the table we get ..% fat.
Very often, in the process of losing weight, a situation arises when we seem to continue to follow a diet, but the weight does not decrease. There are many reasons for this. For example, we are bad at dieting; or a woman is in a certain phase of her cycle, and fluid is retained in the body; or everything is fine, but after the herring eaten for dinner the day before, one and a half to two liters of water have accumulated in the body. It’s useful to know that every extra gram of table salt retains one hundred milliliters of excess water in the body. Having determined body composition, we can say: “Look, your fat mass continues to decrease, and the fact that you weigh no less than last time is simply the result of water retention. This is a fairly common situation among obese people.” Or another example: weight is reduced, but it is very important to determine which component of your body - fat or protein tissue is lost to a greater extent. Losing protein is bad: your muscles will become flabby, your skin will become wrinkled, your immunity will decrease, and heart problems may arise. And it's good when we lose excess fat. This is where body composition control would also help.
Eyes, vision
The human eye is capable of distinguishing 10,000,000 shades of color. Women blink approximately 2 times more often than men - 6,205,000 times a year, with each blink lasting 0.3 seconds. It is not difficult to calculate that by blinking, we keep our eyes closed for 21.5 days a year.
It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
People with blue eyes are more sensitive to pain than others.
One eyeball weighs 28 grams.
If you like to download free books from the Internet, keep in mind that our eyes perceive printed information from a computer screen 25% slower than from a paper sheet.
Men are about 10 times more likely than women to suffer from color blindness.
The eye is able to distinguish a well-lit object with a diameter of one tenth of a millimeter at a distance of 25 centimeters. But if the object itself glows, it can be much smaller.
A hole with a diameter of 3-4 thousandths of a millimeter, pierced in a sheet of tin, behind which a light bulb is lit, is clearly visible to the normal eye.
The eye is capable of distinguishing 130-250 pure color tones and 5-10 million mixed shades.
Complete adaptation of the eye to darkness takes 60-80 minutes.
The effect of daily alcohol consumption on the body
Alcohol-containing products tend to cause cravings, which are very difficult to overcome in the future. The composition contains many harmful impurities that have a detrimental effect on the entire body. Gradually, tissues and cells of almost all systems are destroyed.
Ethyl alcohol, when used systematically, causes both physiological and social damage. The consequences manifest themselves in the form of serious damage to all body systems and the development of chronic diseases.
Physiological changes
When ethanol gets inside, it interacts with nervous tissue: its protection is destroyed. Just 1 liter of beer or a bottle of wine leads to serious consequences - the death of up to 10 thousand brain cells that cannot be restored. This subsequently affects mental activity and general health.
Ethyl alcohol also disrupts the conduction of impulses through nerve cells. For the central nervous system this manifests itself as:
- problems in the emotional sphere;
- the appearance of speech defects;
- disturbances in the functioning of the organs of vision and hearing;
- problems with coordination, etc.
Alcohol has an effect on the cardiovascular system. The tissues of organs are connective tissue, the elasticity of which is lower. This affects the functioning of the heart and blood vessels: problems with blood pressure appear, and there is a violation of the contractile function of the myocardium.
The whole body suffers, there are no exceptions. Ethyl alcohol harms the walls of the stomach, so the risk of ulcer formation is high. There is a change in acidity, which also negatively affects the digestion process.
Frequent dizziness and headaches are also a common consequence of alcoholism.
External signs of a drinking person
The visual manifestations of a drunkard do not immediately become noticeable. Signs begin to develop gradually. With each subsequent stage of development of the disease, the marks on the face of an alcoholic become more and more pronounced. Most of them are reflected in appearance:
- due to improper outflow of bile, the whites of the eyes and skin become yellow;
- the face turns red as blood pressure rapidly rises after drinking alcohol;
- the skin becomes covered with pimples and rashes;
- The area under the eyes suffers - so-called bags are formed, spoiling the appearance.
Dry epidermis and accelerated appearance of wrinkles are also signs of people who drink. Often the face is covered with a thin vascular network.
The nose takes on a burgundy-red hue. Much changes in facial expressions: the muscles of the mouth relax excessively, the forehead tenses. As a result: the face takes on a rather strange expression, as if always slightly surprised.
People who drink lose weight and their skin looks unhealthy. In this case, swelling of the face is characteristic. These are the signs that will help you recognize a drunkard at first sight.
Mental changes
Long-term use of ethanol-containing drinks is fraught with significant mental disorders. There is a high risk of developing alcoholic hallucinosis. Often patients hear voices that insult them, say unpleasant things, and are often threatening in nature.
The most common disorder is delirium, otherwise known as delirium tremens. With hallucinosis there is no impairment of consciousness. The patient continues to navigate in time. In some patients, the disease becomes chronic.
Personality degradation is a fairly common accompaniment of addiction. Intellectual abilities and stress resistance are significantly reduced. The drinker is secretive and taciturn. An ever-increasing dose of alcohol negatively affects the ability to adequately perceive reality. In the morning, the patient does not remember what happened the day before while he was aggressive or unconscious.
Impact on family relationships
An alcohol abuser destroys both his life and his family. Alcoholism is not compatible with family life. For the patient, the environment becomes an obstacle on the path to addiction. The social role of a person is changing dramatically, as is psychology. Close people suffer, as the person becomes weak-willed and aggressive. The wife of an alcoholic and his children have to endure a lot. The drinker stops fulfilling his family responsibilities and brings a lot of trouble to his loved ones. Inappropriate actions, changeability in mood, hostility - this does not have the best effect on relationships between people. The rudeness and irritability of an alcoholic primarily affects those closest to him - his wife and children. The progression of the disease further complicates the situation. This often leads to discord within the family and subsequent divorce.
The well-being of children is at risk. They grow up in an unhealthy environment, which affects their psyche. All the patient's immediate circle suffers from binge drinking. Female alcoholism is no less dangerous. A sick woman is not able to fully perform the functions of a mother. The disease destroys women's nature. Long-term alcohol abuse is fraught with serious changes in the psyche. This is especially dangerous for children and their health.
Psychosis and hysteria become constant companions of an alcoholic. Another problem is codependency. The suffering felt by family members is a direct consequence of the drinker’s actions. The well-being of others deteriorates in proportion to the increase in the dose consumed by the patient. Everyone is stressed: spouse, children.
Receptors, sense of smell
There are about 9,000 taste buds on the tongue. The best temperature for their operation is 24 degrees Celsius. (Gourmets should take this into account!)
The area of the olfactory zone of the nose is 5 square centimeters. There are about a million olfactory nerve endings located here. In order for an impulse to arise in the olfactory nerve fiber, approximately 8 molecules of an odorous substance must reach its end. For the sensation of smell to occur, at least 40 nerve fibers must be excited.
When chewing food, the jaw muscles develop a force of up to 72 kilograms on the molars, and up to 20 kilograms on the incisors. Chewing bread requires an effort of 25 kilograms, chewing fried veal requires 15 kilograms.
Water, tears
A sip of water - is it a lot or a little? Numerous measurements have shown that a man swallows an average of 21 milliliters of liquid in one gulp, and a woman swallows 14 milliliters.
Thirst occurs when water loss equals one percent of body weight. A loss of more than 5% can lead to fainting, and more than 10% can lead to death from desiccation. Tears are constantly produced by the lacrimal glands and moisturize the cornea of the eye, protecting it from exposure to air and dust.
Even stern men shed 1-3 milliliters of tears every day.
Humans are 60% water. It is distributed unevenly: for example, in fatty tissues there is only 20% water, in bones 25%, in the liver 70%, in muscles 75%, in blood 80% and in the brain 85% of water of the total weight.
When looking at these figures, one is struck by the apparent paradox - there is less water in liquid blood than in the rather dense brain. But it’s not only about the quantity, but also about the “packaging” of water.
It is known that jellyfish are 98-99% water, however, the jellyfish does not dissolve in the sea, it can be picked up.
The remaining 40% of the human body weight is distributed as follows: proteins - 19%, fats and fat-like substances - 15%, minerals - 5%), carbohydrates - 1%.
How to measure your skeleton?
The skeleton consists of both mineral and organic substances. From the point of view of the supporting function of the bone frame, its mineral component is most important. It is thanks to it that the bone tissue is hard enough to support the weight of the rest of the body. Therefore, equipment that allows one to determine the mass of the mineral part of the skeleton has become widely popular. Its most common type is various models of analyzer scales (Tanita, BC, etc.). Timely detection of disturbances in bone tissue mass and negative microarchitectural changes in the bones allows timely recognition of a number of dangerous diseases - in particular, osteoporosis.
Ear, hearing
There are about 25,000 cells in the inner ear that respond to sound. The range of frequencies perceived by hearing lies between 16 and 20,000 hertz. It decreases with age, especially due to decreased sensitivity to high-pitched sounds. By the age of 35, the upper limit of hearing drops to 15,000 hertz.
The ear is most sensitive to the range of 2000-2300 hertz. The best ear for music (the ability to distinguish pitch) is in the region of 80-600 hertz. Here our ear is able to distinguish, for example, two sounds with a frequency of 100 hertz and 100.1 hertz. In total, a person distinguishes between 3-4 thousand sounds of different pitches.
We become aware of sound 35-175 milliseconds after it reaches the ear. It takes another 180-500 milliseconds for the ear to “tune in” to receive a given sound and achieve the best sensitivity.
Lungs
A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day drinks half a cup of tar a year.
The surface area of human lungs is approximately equal to the area of a tennis court.
The right lung of a person holds more air than the left.
In a calm state, lying down, a person consumes 400-500 liters of oxygen per day, making 12-20 inhalations and exhalations per minute.
An adult takes approximately 23,000 breaths (and exhalations) per day.
For comparison: the respiratory rate of a horse is 12 respiratory movements per minute, a rat is 60, and a canary is 108.
In spring, the respiratory rate is on average one third higher than in autumn.
The surface of the lungs is about 100 square meters.
Cough speed is 900 kilometers per hour. This refers to a stream of air with different droplets that escapes from the lungs. This is higher than the speed of a modern airliner, so do not cough against the direction (flight) of the plane - it may lose thrust and fall.
Our saliva develops at a slightly lower speed when sneezing - 177 kilometers per hour.
By the way, about drool. Did you know that over a lifetime a person produces 23,600 liters of saliva, and he sweats 18,000 liters of sweat?
Shut your nose: in a lifetime, a man passes gas 209,000 times, and a woman 232,000 times, but don’t judge beautiful ladies harshly, they just live longer than men (you have to pay for everything!).
Bones
There are 33 or 34 vertebrae in the human spine. Almost half of all human bones are found in the wrists and feet.
Of the elements that make up our body, the most important are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. There are about 70 kilograms of them in the adult human body. There is also a lot of calcium and phosphorus - together there are almost 2 kilograms of them, they are part of the bone, ensuring its strength. Potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine are contained in quantities of several tens of grams. Iron in a person is only about 6 grams, but it plays an extremely important role, being part of hemoglobin.
Oddly enough, it is not possible to indicate the exact number of bones in the human skeleton. First, it varies somewhat from person to person. Approximately 20% of people have abnormalities in the number of vertebrae. One person out of every twenty has an extra rib, and men have an extra rib about 3 times more often than women (contrary to the biblical legend of the creation of Eve from Adam's rib). Secondly, the number of bones changes with age: over time, some bones grow together, forming dense sutures. Therefore, it is not always clear how to count bones. For example, the sacrum bone clearly consists of five fused vertebrae. Should we count it as one or five? Therefore, reputable manuals are careful to indicate that humans have “slightly more than 200 bones.”
The longest bone is the femur, its length is usually 27.5% of a person's height. The shortest is the stapes, one of the bones that transmit vibrations of the eardrum to the sensitive cells of the inner ear. It works like a lever, increasing the pressure of sound waves. Its length is only 3-4 millimeters.
Each human finger bends approximately 25 million times during a lifetime.
The finger is capable of feeling vibrations with an amplitude of two ten-thousandths of a millimeter.
Men are considered dwarfs if their height is below 130 cm, women - below 120 cm.
If people grew throughout their lives, their average height would be 6 m and their weight would be 255 kg.
Children are born without kneecaps. They appear only at the age of 2-6 years.
How addiction is formed
Anyone can become addicted to alcohol: you don’t have to drink strong alcohol to do so. The body reacts to any ethanol-containing drink - alcohol poisoning occurs. Over time, physical cravings develop. The blood alcohol level is the same whether it is 100 grams of vodka or 2 liters of beer.
For each person, the maximum dose of ethanol is individual. The manifestation of the disease is loss of control over drinking. At the same time, there is no critical perception of one’s state when drinking alcohol.
Over time, natural biochemical processes change. Physical cravings are formed when a person constantly needs ethanol. However, this does not happen immediately, but after the onset of psychological dependence. Initially, drinking is needed to overcome complexes or in an attempt to cope with problems or relieve stress. Over time, such a solution becomes the only acceptable one.
Without the opportunity to drink, a person’s mood and well-being worsen. Therefore, the frequency of drinking alcoholic beverages and the dose of ethanol are increasing. The craving for alcohol becomes out of control and pathological. All new doses are needed to overcome withdrawal symptoms, while the pleasure from drinking becomes less and less. The emotional reaction to alcohol-containing drinks changes.
Leather
The average surface area of human skin is about 2 square meters. It is necessary to know this when prescribing certain medications and medical procedures. To calculate the skin surface in the clinic, the following formula is usually used:
body surface = (body weight x 4) + 7
The weight should be taken in kilograms, the surface is obtained in square meters. There are more accurate formulas that take growth into account, but the calculations using them are much more complicated and are used less frequently.
In one minute, 460 milliliters of blood passes through the skin.
The skin contains 250 thousand cold receptors, 30 thousand heat receptors, a million pain endings, half a million touch receptors and three million sweat glands.
Body mass index
- Body mass index
- Calculation of calorie intake
- Ideal weight calculation
- Calculation of calories during exercise
Promotion
Intensive weight loss - RUB 18,800! More about the program
Lose weight in 30 days - 95,000 rubles! More details
Using body mass index (BMI), you can determine the degree of excess weight, which allows you to assess the risk of diseases associated with obesity.
BMI formula
= weight (in kilograms) : (height (m))2
You can determine your BMI using our calculator.
BMI calculator
| Data for calculation: | Calculation results: |
| Height (cm): | |
| Weight, kg): | |
| Floor: | |
| According to medical recommendations, your weight should be within: |
| Your ideal weight: |
| Disease risk | ||
| Underweight | < 18.5 kg/sq. meter | There is a risk of other diseases |
| Normal body weight | 18.5 – 24.9 kg/sq. meter | Ordinary |
| Weight gain | 25 – 29.9 kg/sq. meter | Elevated |
| Obesity 1st degree | 30 – 34.9 kg/sq. meter | High |
| Obesity 2 degrees | 35 – 39.9 kg/sq.m. meter | Very tall |
| Obesity 3 degrees | ≥ 40 kg/sq. meter | Extremely high |
What does BMI mean?
- 20-25 is normal, there are no health threatening factors
- 25-30 – there is excess weight, it is necessary to reduce body weight in order to improve health (at the same time, for men involved in sports, a BMI of up to 27 is the norm)
- 30-35 – obesity, high level of health threat
- 35 or more – obesity of 3 or more degrees, requires contacting a specialist and losing weight.
| BMI at the age of 18-25 years | BMI at age over 25 years | Health status | Health hazard | Your actions |
| Less than 17.5 | Less than 17.5 | Anorexia (nervosa/ataroxic) | Present, high | Treatment of anorexia, weight gain |
| Less than 18.5 | Less than 18.5 | Underweight | No | |
| 19,5-22,9 | 20-25,9 | Normal condition | ||
| 23-27,4 | 26-27,9 | Excess body weight | Present, increased | Reducing body weight is desirable |
| 27,5-29,9 | 28-30,9 | Obesity of the first degree | Present, increased | Reducing body weight is desirable |
| 30-34,9 | 31-35,9 | Obesity of the second degree | Present, high | Losing body weight is highly desirable |
| 35-39,9 | 36-40,9 | Obesity of the third degree | Present, significantly high | Losing body weight is highly desirable |
| 40 or more | 41 or more | Obesity of the fourth degree | Present, critically high | Urgent measures are needed to reduce body weight |
Stomach, intestines
Human gastric juice contains 0.4% hydrochloric acid (HCl).
For one square millimeter of the gastric mucosa there are about one hundred glands that secrete digestive juice.
The small intestine, where digested food is absorbed into the blood, has about 5 million villi on its inner surface - the finest hair-like outgrowths through which nutrients are absorbed.
During life, the human small intestine is about 2.5 meters long. After his death, when the muscles of the intestinal wall relax, its length reaches 6 meters.
Nails
Fingernails grow about 4 times faster than toenails.
Nails grow at a rate of 0.123 mm per day. The rate of nail growth does not depend on the time of year, location and nutrition of a person. But with age, growth slows down and at 61 years old it is only 0.1 millimeters per day, and after another six years - 0.095 millimeters per day.
Legs are needed not only so that there is no truth in them. If used as intended, by the age of 60 you will have walked about five Earth equators, and leg length is associated with the risk of heart disease: if your legs are 1.5 cm shorter than your neighbor, then the risk of cardiovascular disease is you are 10% taller.
How to maintain skeletal health?
- An essential condition for satisfactory skeletal health is proper nutrition. To strengthen bones, you need food containing large amounts of easily digestible calcium. Such products include fish, squid and other shellfish, cottage cheese, apricots, etc.
- In addition, a person’s everyday posture requires attention. Improper sitting on a chair during prolonged sedentary work leads to curvature of the spine, and a sedentary lifestyle leads to atrophy of skeletal tissue. Organization of the workplace and a balanced daily routine compensate for these negative phenomena.
- If the bones of the skeleton provide its strength, then the ligaments provide flexibility, which is no less important for its full functioning. Regular stretching exercises increase the elasticity of the ligaments.
Thus, the skeleton is a complex mineral-organic complex, the maintenance of which requires the use of a variety of methods.
Hair
Human hair is approximately 5,000 times thicker than soap film.
The length of hair on the head grown by the average person over the course of a lifetime is 725 kilometers.
Blondes grow a beard faster than brunettes.
The hair growth rate is approximately 0.3-0.35 mm per day, that is, 12 cm per year, the lifespan of hair is 2-4 years; Considering that the total number of hairs on the head of redheads is about 80,000, that of brunettes is 100,000, and that of blondes is 140,000, then over the course of a lifetime, the average person grows hair to a total length of up to 1,008,000 kilometers (you can wrap the earth around the equator 22 times).
Every day a person loses from 30 to 120 hairs.
Hair grows fastest between the ages of 15 and 30. Hair growth slows down after 50. In summer, by the way, hair grows faster than in winter.
The hair can be stretched to 1/5 of its length, and after that it returns to its original state.
The strength of the hair is comparable to aluminum and can withstand a load of 100 to 200 g.
Hair is hygroscopic, that is, it is able to absorb moisture - this is due to the structure of the hair.
Hair is resistant to weak acids, but does not tolerate alkaline compounds well.
Hair can accumulate certain substances, which allows it to be used as an identifier.
The lifespan of hair is different: on average, men have 2 years on their heads, and women have 4-5 years.
Redheads have the thickest hair, but less hair than others.
Black hair is the largest of all, and can be 3 times thicker than blonde hair.
The baby's first hairs appear in the womb, at about 4-5 months of pregnancy.
Hair grows at an average rate of 0.4 mm per day.
As you age, your hair becomes shorter and thinner.
Women are less likely to go bald than men because women's hair roots are 2 millimeters deeper in the skin than men's.
Human skin is 95% covered with hair.
During the day, each hair lengthens by about 0.35 mm.
The optimal water temperature for washing hair is 35-45°C.
84% of women improve their mood by going to the hairdresser.
According to American experts, 60-70% of men and 25-40% of women suffer from hair loss.
From each hair follicle, about 20 hairs grow sequentially throughout life.
How much do organs and parts of the human body weigh?
Often, a person’s weight depends not only on the amount of food eaten. The human body also contains bones, heart, muscles, skin, blood and even living bacteria. And their weight is not a constant value, writes “Doctor Peter”.
Liquid
This is approximately 40-70% of our body weight. Moreover, men “contain” more fluid than women. So, in a man weighing 68 kg, fluid can be from 34 to 48 kg. A woman with the same weight has from 27 to 41 kg of water.
Liquid is the main reason why weight can change throughout the day. We lose water through urine, breath and sweat, and gain it through eating and drinking.
Bones
The skeleton is about 15% of the total body mass. If a person weighs 68 kg, then the weight of the bones will be approximately 10 kg. It is important that the bones contain water - from 25% to 31%.
Leather
Skin is 14% of body weight. For a person weighing 68 kg, this is about 9 kg, but a lot also depends on the person’s height and weight.
Muscles
Muscles are 40-50% of your weight, including your heart and lungs, which are made up of muscles. But the vast majority of them are skeletal muscles, that is, all our triceps, biceps, abdominals, buttocks, and so on. Muscle weight depends on age, gender and physical activity.
Blood
The volume of blood in a person is from 4 to 5 liters. This is 7% of total body weight. So for a person weighing 68 kg, the blood will weigh about 5 kg.
Fat
Fat is distributed throughout the body and should normally make up 15-25% of body weight in middle-aged men and 20-33% in women.
Head
Head size is largely determined by genetic factors, so this feature is inherited. On average, an adult human head weighs about 5.4 kg (including the skull, brain, teeth and tongue). This is approximately 7% of the total weight.
Female breast
Research dating back to the 1980s shows that the average weight of one breast in women is about 480 g. But size matters a lot. A woman's breasts of size four or five can easily weigh two kilograms each.
Bacteria
3% of the weight of our body is bacteria and microbes (microflora) that live in the intestines.
Liver
The liver is the largest gland in the body. The weight of the liver is about 1.8 kg in men and 1.4 kg in women (this is approximately 2% of the total weight).
Lungs
A man's lungs weigh approximately 840 grams, a woman's - 640 grams. Moreover, the right lung weighs a little more (about 40-45 g) and is divided into three parts (lobes), and the left lung into two.
The lungs of smokers may weigh more than those of non-smokers.
Heart
The heart accounts for about 0.45% of body weight. On average, a woman's heart weighs from 142 to 283 g, and a man's heart weighs from 232 to 383 g.
The heart can “gain weight” as you gain weight. Fat can accumulate around it - and this increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Hair
If you cut off your long hair, you can certainly “lose weight,” but it’s unlikely to be noticeable on the scale. And if the owner of gorgeous thick and long hair washes her hair and steps on the scale, she can see an “increase” of 50-60 grams - wet hair weighs 12-18% more than dry hair.
Overall, hair makes up only 0.3% of the total weight. Thick hair 15 cm long adds 170 to 360 grams to the weight (depending on the thickness of the strands). And if you cut off 2.5 cm of hair, you can lose less than a gram of weight.
Excrement
Many people believe that you should weigh yourself immediately after going to the toilet. Scientists at the University of Cambridge weighed the stool of 220 British adults back in 1992. On average, it weighed 104 grams for men and 99 grams for women. The exact weight will depend on what the person ate and how much. Foods rich in fiber will add weight to the stool.
Eyeballs
Eyeballs weigh about 7 grams each and become slightly heavier as you age. The lens of the eye becomes thicker by 1.38 mg per year - and a little more in men. This is one of the reasons why vision deteriorates with age.
Muscles, skin
When a person smiles, 17 muscles work.
The strongest muscle in the human body is the tongue.
The smallest muscle is the stapes muscle. When the sounds are too strong, she turns the stirrup so that the ratio of the lengths of the arms of the bone-lever changes, and the sound amplification factor drops.
It is impossible to accurately indicate the number of muscles. Experts count from 400 to 680 muscles in humans. For comparison: grasshoppers have about 900 muscles, some caterpillars have up to 4000. The total muscle weight in a man is about 40% of his body weight, and in a woman it is about 30%.
Man is the only representative of the animal world capable of drawing straight lines.
During a lifetime, a person's skin changes approximately 1000 times.
How long do alcoholics live?
The life expectancy of those who suffer from alcoholism is significantly reduced. 20% of patients live more than 50 years. Acute heart failure often causes early death in drunkards under 40 years of age. A dangerous habit is fraught with a significant deterioration in quality and a decrease in life expectancy. The risk of leaving this world prematurely increases. There is no clear answer to the question of how long alcoholics live. Much depends on the age at which a person developed a harmful addiction, whether there are associated problems, etc. That is, the life expectancy of a drinker is determined by the strength of the body. Sudden deaths before age 30 are common. The average life expectancy is 48-55 years. However, this is under fortunate circumstances. 25% of addicted people do not live to reach the specified age mark.
Only by stopping drinking in a timely manner does a person suffering from an illness get a chance to prolong their life. However, in many cases, medical assistance cannot be avoided. Then a person will be able to cope with addiction and get rid of addiction.
