Abstract on physical education: “Long jumps” - description, technique and methods of teaching

Long jump is a sport in which the performer trains his strength and endurance. This sport is also known as long jump

. In this lesson we will discuss various techniques and tactics that will help an athlete achieve success in the long jump.

The long jump is an athletics competition in which the athlete must jump as far as possible from a given take-off point. Among all athletes, the winner is usually declared to be the person who covers the maximum distance. This sport is played in both men's and women's categories.

A Brief History of the Long Jump

Traces of this sport lead us to ancient Greece. It was then played as a model of the Olympic Games. It was believed that the sport's presence at the time was due to its usefulness in warfare. However, the methodology of the practice was completely different from what we see today. In those days, players took off only after running a short distance. In addition, they had to carry a weight known as a halter to give them momentum as they moved forward.

In late 1800, the United States and Europe added the sport to their sporting events, and soon, in 1896, it was featured for the first time in the modern Olympic Games. However, during this period the use of leashes was completely eliminated. In 1928, the Olympics were organized in Holland, in which women took part for the first time. Shortly after this event, the International Association of Athletics (IAAF) was created to govern the sport.

Marita Koch (GDR), 400 meters

Record: 47.60

Duration: 34 years (06.10.1985)

2019 World Cup result: 48.14 ( Salwa Eid Nasser , Bahrain)

30 years on, Marita Koch's unbroken 400m world record is still a hot topic of debate https://t.co/BrV7nrUWCp pic.twitter.com/mCdSJ8iqLz

— BBC Sport (@BBCSport) October 6, 2015

Marita Koch from the GDR holds 16 world records in her career, 7 of which are in her signature distance of 400 meters. True, in the early nineties, many investigations were carried out against German athletes due to suspicions of doping. But nothing could be proven. Modern 400-meter runners rarely run even under 49 seconds.

Long Jump - Game Environment

In the long jump, the athlete must jump as far as possible from the take-off point. Planting is usually done in a sand pit. For greater comfort, the ground is filled with silicon sand. Acceleration before the jump is also limited.

Runway strip

for this sport it must be 40 meters long and 1.22 meters wide.
There is a take-off board in front of the landing pad. Its length is 1.22 meters, while the width and depth are 20 cm and 10 cm respectively. plasticine
at a distance of at least one meter from the landing site to record the athlete’s footprints. Typically white.

The landing site must be filled with silicon sand. The length of the field from the take-off point to the end must be at least 10 meters, and the width - 2.75 meters.

Shortly after the Olympics began, the United States and Europe continued to dominate the men's long jump competition. But now it is continents such as Asia and Africa that dominate the sport in both the men's and women's categories. More than 62 countries took part in the 2012 Olympic Games, which took place in London.

Top five medalist countries (men's category) in the Olympic Games -

• United States
• Great Britain
• East Germany
• Sweden
• Cuba

At the 2012 Olympics, Greg Rutherford of Great Britain won gold whereas; Mitchell Watt of Australia and Will Clay of Australia bagged silver and bronze in the men's category respectively.

Top five countries in women's category -

• United States
• Soviet Union
• Romania
• Germany
• Russia

At the 2012 Olympics, Brittney Reese of the United States received a gold medal, while Elena Sokolova of Russia and Janay Deloch of the United States received silver and bronze medals, respectively. Many athletes from Asian countries such as India, China, Korea, Uzbekistan, Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines have performed well in the long jump.

Instead of learning a lot of complicated techniques, you need to focus on the basics to master the sport. The two things that matter most in this sport are speed and elevation at the take-off point. Flight technique and landing are equally important. The athlete must achieve good speed within a given distance.

During preliminary training, you must not step directly onto the take-off board. At the initial stages of training, the following points should be considered:

• Your head should be upright throughout the entire jump.
• Choose a jumping location that is more suitable for lateral jumps.
• You should first make a short approach and mark where the run actually begins.

Your head should be upright throughout the entire jump.

Choose a jumping location that is more suitable for lateral jumps.

You should first make a short approach and mark where the run actually begins.

Apart from this, it is also recommended that starters do not do long runs in the initial stage. Short approach, run, take off and land naturally in any position you are comfortable with at your speed. If you take off long term without practice, fatigue can set in quickly and this will affect future practice.

• Make sure you run fast while exercising with your head up.
• Release your flat back by extending your legs straight.
• The take-off leg should be extended as far as possible to cover a good distance.
• Don't hold your hands tightly. Instead, keep them loose and swing them with your body movements to gain maximum momentum.

Make sure you run fast while exercising with your head up.

Release your flat back by extending your legs straight.

The take-off leg should be extended as far as possible to cover a good distance.

Don't hold your hands tightly. Instead, keep them loose and swing them with your body movements to gain maximum momentum.

There are a few things to note about the takeoff leg. Only sailing is carried out with the correct tactics.

• Make sure the heel of your feet lands first.
• As you take off, there will be a rotating movement of the foot.
• Use the toes of your takeoff foot and lift it as high as possible against the air.

Make sure the heel of your feet lands first.

As you take off, there will be a rotating movement of the foot.

Use the toes of your takeoff foot and lift it as high as possible against the air.

The run must be done at a fast pace. This means making the paw first and then extending the take-off leg at high speed. During the take-off process, the midline of the body should contain the foot. The direction of the foot should be in the forward direction of the jump.

Medalists[edit]

Men[edit]

Several winners[edit]

Medalists by country[edit]

Women [edit]

Several winners[edit]

Medalists by country[edit]

• nb The German total includes teams that compete as Germany and the United German national team, but not East or West Germany.

Dos and don'ts during practice

The following points should be on your checklist while practicing −

• Until the takeoff point, maintain speed at all costs.
• As soon as you cross the board, increase your speed sharply.
• To maintain a more upright position, experiment with your running styles that work best for you.
• The compensatory action of the weapon must be done to give impetus.
• Landing exercises should be added to the training schedule.

Until the takeoff point, maintain speed at all costs.

As soon as you cross the board, increase your speed sharply.

To maintain a more upright position, experiment with your running styles that work best for you.

The compensatory action of the weapon must be done to give impetus.

Landing exercises should be added to the training schedule.

Here's what you shouldn't do:

• Just before takeoff, shortening or lengthening your stride.
• Without gaining much speed, take off from the hill.
• Tilt the trunk too far forward or backward.
• Imbalance during flight.
• The position of one leg lower than the other during the landing phase.

Just before takeoff, shortening or lengthening your stride.

Without gaining much speed, take off from the hill.

Tilt the trunk too far forward or backward.

Imbalance during flight.

The position of one leg lower than the other during the landing phase.

It is advisable to effectively practice sail technique to improve takeoff technique. Through this practice the upright torso will be maintained and the position of the free leg will be improved.

We can divide the basic jumps into three separate sections −

• An approach
• Take off
• Flight

Let's discuss these methods in detail and try to understand how to effectively apply them in our practice.

Adviсe

If there is no doubt that your physical strength parameters are fine, but you want to increase the length of your jump, you need to listen to the following recommendations given by professional track and field athletes.

Scroll:

1. You need to take a responsible approach to learning technology.
2. The muscles of the upper body should be strengthened. Doing strength exercises will help you do this.
3. You can train other types of jumps, for example, high jumps or running jumps. A good way to improve your performance is the triple jump.
4. You need to go jogging. This will help not only strengthen your leg muscles, but also improve your health. It is enough to run at least 1.5 kg a day so that the body is well prepared for active training.
5. Every day you should stretch your muscles through special exercises.
6. You should constantly monitor your own achievements and records. All changes should be made to the training program.

Long jump - approach

The number of steps varies depending on the level of competition. For elementary school students, the number of steps varies from 11 to 15, while for older athletes, the number of steps varies from 19 to 23. Due to low muscle strength, women have a 3-4 meter shorter running approach than men.

A system rhythm must be established to achieve high horizontal speed. To achieve this, the speed scheme must be changed. Maintain this rhythm until the takeoff point, and at the takeoff point, drop your hip and rise with sudden force to gain instant momentum. From a normal step, the thigh tone should be 25 cm lower.

Common practice is that in a landing run, if an athlete is running 19 strides, their take-off foot will touch the ground 10 times. Therefore, to mark the starting point, the player initially runs backwards from the take-off point. He continues to run until his takeoff foot touches the ground 10 times.

The moment it touches the ground, the trainer will mark this point. This type of practice will be performed a minimum of six times. The farthest point from the take-off point is taken as the starting point. Wind is also a factor in this. If the wind is blowing from the back, the distance to travel will be longer, and vice versa.

Kevin Young (USA), 400m hurdles

Record: 46.78

Duration: 27 years and 2 months (08/06/1992)

2019 World Cup result: 47.42 ( Carsten Varholm , Norway)

Estadio olímpico de Montjuïc, 6 de agosto de 1992. Hoy puede ser buen día para recordar el todavía vigente récord del mundo de 400 metros vallas de Kevin Young (46.78): https://t.co/UJuU9NOTYD [WR #Doha2019 21: 40 h. ESP Warholm / Benjamin / Samba ] pic.twitter.com/5GBx2BDrTw

— Miguel Calvo (@MiguelCalvo_A) September 30, 2019

The achievement of American Kevin Young has been standing since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Moreover, the record could have been a little better if the athlete had not tripped at the final hurdle and began to celebrate the victory ahead of time, raising his hand before the finish line.

In the 27 years since then, no athlete has ever run the 400m hurdles in 47 seconds.

Long Jump - Takeoff

When the athlete's foot hits the board during the takeoff phase, his position is significantly ahead of the center of gravity, and this helps in achieving maximum vertical speed. In addition to this, the athlete can achieve greater speed by increasing the speed of his non-flying leg, arms and free limbs. To apply energetic impulses, strengthen your takeoff leg as much as possible.

You should keep the following things in mind −

• The stretches should be maximized through the ankle, toe, hip and knee.
• The position of your free thigh should be parallel to the ground.
• Your opposite hand must do the coordination.
• The chest and back should not bend, and the eyes should look forward.
• Instead of creating a variable speed, maintain a constant rhythm throughout the entire set.

The stretches should be maximized through the ankle, toe, hip and knee.

The position of your free thigh should be parallel to the ground.

Your opposite hand must do the coordination.

The chest and back should not bend, and the eyes should look forward.

Instead of creating a variable speed, maintain a constant rhythm throughout the entire set.

The definition of a takeoff leg is very simple. Simply kick the ball with your left foot while placing your right foot on the ground. If your right leg balances your body well, then it is your take-off leg and vice versa.

Long jump - flight

Flight is the most important part of jumping. You should remember the following points during your flight:

• During takeoff, the free leg must be raised to a horizontal position.
• The position of the free leg, however, should be as far back as possible throughout the flight.
• The best position for the hands is above shoulder level.
• Keep your torso as upright as possible, otherwise it may interfere with the upward movement of your leg during landing.

During takeoff, the free leg must be raised to a horizontal position.

The position of the free leg, however, should be as far back as possible throughout the flight.

The best position for the hands is above shoulder level.

Keep your torso as upright as possible, otherwise it may interfere with the upward movement of your leg during landing.

While flying, it is important to maintain perfect alignment between your head, back and hips.

All rules for the long jump are made and verified through the International Association of Sports Federations. Playing by the rules will earn you points for your performance, but doing otherwise may cost you a fine, which could result in disqualification from the entire tournament.

Here is a list of some important rules that every athlete must follow when participating in long jump competitions.

• The number of trials varies depending on the number of participants. If the number of participants exceeds eight, then each of them will be offered three challenges, and the top eight of them may be given an additional three challenges. However, if the number of participants is less than eight, then each person may be given six trials.
• If the participant wishes, he can undergo some practical tests before the competition begins under the supervision of the judges. Once the competition has started, they are not allowed to use the competition or take-off area.
• The organizing committee provides the players with markers to indicate their take-off and running points. Do not use any other substances, such as crayons, that may leave permanent marks.
• Shortly after the athlete jumps, a measurement is taken from the nearest point that touched the take-off point.
• All measurements are taken perpendicular to the take-off point.
• For the test to be legal, the wind meter reading is also important. It should show the parameters in the specific zone required.
• The performer must complete the jump within one minute.
• If there is a draw between two players after a win, chances are given to them until one of them is better than the others and has more points.

The number of trials varies depending on the number of participants. If the number of participants exceeds eight, then each of them will be offered three challenges, and the top eight of them may be given an additional three challenges. However, if the number of participants is less than eight, then each person may be given six trials.

If the participant wishes, he can undergo some practical tests before the competition begins under the supervision of the judges. Once the competition has started, they are not allowed to use the competition or take-off area.

The organizing committee provides the players with markers to indicate their take-off and running points. Do not use any other substances, such as crayons, that may leave permanent marks.

Shortly after the athlete jumps, a measurement is taken from the nearest point that touched the take-off point.

All measurements are taken perpendicular to the take-off point.

For the test to be legal, the wind meter reading is also important. It should show the parameters in the specific zone required.

The performer must complete the jump within one minute.

If there is a draw between two players after a win, chances are given to them until one of them is better than the others and has more points.

The International Association of Athletics (IAAF) is the governing body for high jumping. Each participating country has its own governing body, which successfully runs long jump competitions throughout the calendar.

Here is a list of some important long jump tournaments −

• Summer Olympics
• World Championship
• Asian Games
• World Indoor Sports Championships
• Commonwealth Games

Now let's briefly discuss some of the long jump champions who have made their mark in this sport.

School standards by grade

In addition to the GTO standards, there are standards for each class:

Carl Lewis

Carl Lewis is a US competitor who has won ten Olympic medals, including nine gold. In addition, he won ten medals at the World Championships, of which eight were gold. He retired in 1996 after winning his last Olympic medal.

One of his achievements is that he achieved 65 consecutive victories in ten years in the long jump. He received numerous awards for his achievements, including Athlete of the Century, Sportsman of the Century, Olympian of the Century and Sportsman of the Year (1982, 1983 and 1984).

Randy Barnes (USA), shot put

Record: 23.12

Duration: 29 years and 4 months (05/20/1990)

2019 World Cup result: 22.91 ( Joe Kovacs , USA)

Randy Barnes. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org/ Chell Hill

Next year it will be 30 years since Randy Barnes threw a shot at 23.12 m at a competition in Los Angeles. It is curious that he was later caught for doping twice, but no one was going to take away the record achievement: at that time he was clean.

Greg Rutherford

Greg Rutherford is a British long jump athlete. He took part in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, World and European Championships.

In 2012, he won a gold medal at the Olympics, and in 2014, he won two gold medals, one at the Commonwealth Games and the other at the European Athletics Championships.

In 2015, he won a gold medal at the World Athletics Championships. In 2005, he won the AAA Championship and the European Junior Long Jump Championship. He also won many championships and medals in the following years.

Jürgent Schult (GDR), discus throw

Record: 74.08

Duration: 33 years and 3 months (07/06/1986)

2019 World Cup result: 67.59 ( Daniel Ståhl , Sweden)

Jurgen Schult. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org/ Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-1988-0626-014 / CC-BY-SA 3.0

One of the oldest records in athletics belongs to the German Jurgen Schult , who launched the discus at 74.08 m. The best that his followers were capable of was a throw of 73 meters by the Lithuanian Virgilius Alekna . But this became rather an exception. No one else had ever thrown a projectile that far.

Heike Drechsler

Heike Drechsler is a competitor to both East Germany and Germany. She is still the only woman to win two gold medals in the long jump at the Olympics.

She has won nine gold medals in her long jump career. She competed at the World Championships in 1983 and 1993 and won gold medals in both years in the long jump.

She also competed in European and German championships and won many medals.

Elżbieta Krzesińska

Elżbieta Krzesińska is a competitor for Poland. She won a gold medal at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.

In 1960, she won a silver medal at the Olympic Games. In addition, she won the Polish Long Jump Championship in 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1962 and 1963.

In 1954, she competed in the European Athletics Championships and won a bronze medal. She also won the World University Games that year.

In 1959 she won her first Universiade. In 1962, she competed in the European Athletics Championships and won a silver medal. It expired on December 29, 2015.